GERMAN LESSON 42: Transport in �� German �� �� ⛴
Leipzig Hauptbahnhof largest station in the world by surface.
As a country with high population density in a central location in Europe and with a developed economy Germany has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure.
The first roads to be built, the huge German Autobahn network has known no general speed limit for light vehicles although the posted speed limits are in effect in most sections today, and there is a coverage limit 80 km h for trucks, the country's most important waterway is the Rhine River largest port is Hamburg Frankfurt airport is an international airport and the hub of European transport air travel is used to longer distances in Germany, but faces competition from Deutsche Bahn belonging to the state of high-speed train rail network called ICE connect cities for passengers to travel with speeds up to 300 km h in many German cities have rapid transit systems and public transport is available in most buses have historically played a rol e marginal in the long-distance passenger service, as all routes in direct competition with the rail services were essentially outlawed by a law dating from 1935 only in 2012 was this law changed and therefore a long-distance bus market also born in Germany since.
Since German reunification considerable efforts were needed to improve and expand the transport infrastructure in what was formerly East Germany 1.
The volume of traffic in Germany, in particular the transport of goods, is at a very high level because of its central location in Europe In recent decades, much of the moved goods traffic from rail to road, which led the federal government to introduce a motor toll for trucks in 2005 the use of the individual road increased resulting in relatively high traffic density to other nations should further increase of traffic in the future.
The movement of high-speed vehicles has a long tradition in Germany as the first Autobahn in the world, the AVUS and first automobile were developed in the world and built in Germany has one of the densest road systems world German autobahns have no general speed limit for light vehicles, however, posted limits are in place on many dangerous or blocked sections and where the traffic noise or pollution is a problem.
The German government has had problems with the maintenance of the motorway network in the country, having had to change the transport system of the eastern part since the unification of Germany between the German Democratic Republic East Germany and West West Germany with this, many construction projects have been put on hold in the west, and a vigorous reconstruction is underway for almost 20 years, however, since the European Union made a general rationalization and change of route plans occurred as links faster and more direct to the former Soviet Union bloc countries now exist and are in the works, with the intensive cooperation between European countries.
Intercity bus service in Germany fell out of favor the postwar prosperity grew and became almost extinct when the legislation was introduced in the 1980s to protect national railways after the market was deregulated in 2012 some 150 new intercity bus lines have been set up, which to a significant change of the bus rail for long journeys 2.
Germany has around 650000 km of roads, of which 3 231 thousand kilometers of roads nonlocal 4 The road network is widely used with nearly 2000000000000 kilometers traveled by car in 2005 compared to only 70 billion kilometers traveled by rail and 35 billion km journey by air 3.
The Autobahn is the German federal road network The German official term is plural Bundesautobahn Bundesautobahnen abbreviated BAB, resulting in federal highway where no local speed limit is posted, the board limit Richtgeschwindigkeit 130 km h on Autobahn network has a length total of approximately 12,845 km in 2012 mid 7982, 5 which is one of the world that the federal controlled access roads built answering some denser construction standards and longer systems, including at least two ways in direction are called Bundesautobahn They have their own signs in blue and their own numbering system Autobahnen All are named using uppercase letter, followed by a blank and a number, for example 8.
The main Autobahnen going all across Germany have single digit numbers shorter regionally important roads have a two-digit number as a 24 connecting Berlin and Hamburg Very short sections built for heavy local traffic bypasses for example or A 555 Cologne Bonn usually have three digits, where the first number depends on the region.
East-west routes are usually pairs, north-south roads are generally odd numbered Figures from the north-south Autobahnen increase from west to east; that is to say, the roads to the east are given more Similarly, the east-west routes use increasingly from north to south.
The highways are considered the safest category of German roads for instance, in 2012, while carrying 31 motorized traffic, they represented only 11 road accidents in Germany 6.
Germans are still autobahn toll for light vehicles, but on 1 January 2005, without a mandatory coverage for heavy vehicles has been set up.
National roads in Germany are called Bundesstraßen federal highways Their numbers are generally well known users of the local road because they appear written in black numbers on a yellow rectangle with black border on direction signs and street maps A Bundesstraße B is often referred to as tracking number, eg B1 a major east-west routes most important roads have numbers lower than odd numbers are usually applied to north-south roads, and even the numbers of the roads is -Ouest bypasses are designated by a replacement seal or n new alignment, as in B 56n.
Other large public roads are maintained by the Bundesländer States, called Landesstraße country road or highway Staatsstraße The number of these roads are prefixed with L, S or St, but are usually not visible on direction signs or writings They appear on the cards kilometer messages on roadside numbers are unique within a state.
The Landkreise districts and municipalities are in charge of small roads and streets in villages, towns and cities These roads have the K number prefix indicating Kreisstraße.
Germany has a total of 43.468 km, railway at least 19.973 kilometers are electrified in 2014 7.
Deutsche Bahn German Rail is the main German railway infrastructure operator and service Although Deutsche Bahn is a private company, the government still owns all the shares and therefore Deutsche Bahn can still be called a company-owned since its reform private law in 1994, Deutsche Bahn AG, DB AG publishes more details on the tracks it owns; in addition to the DBAG system there are about 280 private rail companies owned or locally possessing approximately 3000 km to 4000 km total runs and tracks using DB open access.
Rail subsidies amounted to 17 0 billion in 2014 8 and there are significant differences between the funding of long-distance and short-distance and local trains in Germany while long distance trains can be managed by a railway company, the companies also receive no government funding local trains, however, are subsidized by the German states, which pay the operating companies to run these trains and even in 2013, 59 of the cost of rail transport of passengers to short distance was covered by subsidies 9 This has led many private companies offering to run local rail services as they can provide cheaper service that construction Deutsche Bahn track is owned entirely and track maintenance partly government funded for both the long and short range citation trains necess area on the other, all rail vehicles are the way charged access fees by DB Netz which in turn provides a portion of its profits to the federal budget.
High-speed rail began in early 1990 with the introduction of ICE Inter City Express in commercial service after the first railway system modernization projects had been established under the government of Willy Brandt While the high-speed network are not as dense as those of France or Spain, ICE or slightly slower top speed 200 km h Intercity IC serve most major cities Several extensions or upgrades to high-speed lines under construction or planned for 'near future, some of them after decades of planning.
The fastest high-speed train of Deutsche Bahn, the InterCityExpress or ICE joins the leading German international centers and neighbors such as Zurich Vienna Copenhagen Paris Amsterdam and Brussels rail network throughout Germany is vast and offers excellent service in most areas on regular lines at least one every two hours now even call in smaller villages during the day Almost all large metropolitan areas are served by S-Bahn U-Bahn and Straßenbahn or networks bus.
While Germany and most of Europe use contiguous 1435mm 4 ft 8 1 February differences in standard gauge in signaling, rules and regulations, electrification tensions, etc. Create obstacles for cargo operations across borders These obstacles are overcome slowly, with international in- and outgoing and transit traffic being responsible for much of the recent adoption of the Rail Regulator cargo volume of EU has done much to harmonize standards, making cross-border operations easier.
Almost all the major metropolitan areas of Germany have commuter rail systems called S-Bahnen Schnellbahnen These usually connect major cities and their suburbs often other cities in the region, although the Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn connects several major cities a S-Bahn doesn t skip stations and runs more frequently than other trains in Berlin and Hamburg S-Bahn U-Bahn -like service and uses a third rail while all other S-Bahn services rely on regular food chain.
Relatively few cities have a subway system U-Bahn full; rail systems suburban commuter S-Bahn are much more common in some cities, the distinction between the U-Bahn and S-Bahn system is unclear, for example, certain metro S-Bahn systems have similar frequencies to U -Bahn, and are part of the same integrated transport network A larger number of cities updated their tram lines light rail standards These systems are called Stadtbahn not to be confused with S-Bahn, the rail line main.
With the exception of Hamburg, all the cities mentioned above also have a tram system, often with new lines built for light railway standards.
The cities with the Stadtbahn systems are found in Article Trams in Germany.
Germany was among the first countries to have electric street - running railways and Berlin has one of the longest tram networks in the world Many West German cities have abandoned their streetcar systems earlier in the 1960s and 1970s while others upgraded to Stadtbahn.
Standard light rail, including often-lying areas in the East, most cities maintained or even extended their streetcar systems and since the reunification of a trend to the new tramway construction can be observed in most countries currently the only German city without trams or light rail system Hamburg tram-train systems like the first Karlsruhe model became known in Germany in the early 1990s and are implemented or discussed in several cities, providing coverage far in rural areas surrounding cities.
Short distances and the vast network of highways and railways are uncompetitive aircraft to travel to Germany Only 1 of any distance was 3 aircraft in 2002 but due to a drop in prices with the introduction of airlines low fares, domestic air travel is more attractive in 2013 Germany had the fifth largest air passenger market in the world with 10 105 016 346 passengers, however, the advent of new, faster railways often leads to reductions in use by the airlines or even total abandonment of routes like Frankfurt-Cologne, Berlin and Berlin-Hamburg -Hannover.
Germany's largest airline is the former flag carrier Lufthansa, which was privatized in the 1990s, the Lufthansa Group also includes two regional subsidiaries operating under Lufthansa Regional brand and low-cost subsidiary, Eurowings, which operates independently Lufthansa operates a dense network of domestic, European and intercontinental routes second largest airline in Germany is Air Berlin, which also operates a network of national and European destinations with a focus on leisure routes, as well as long service -courriers.
Frankfurt Airport is the largest airport, a transport hub in Europe and the twelfth busiest airport in the world is one of the largest number of international destinations served airports According to the world if the passengers in total, of flights or cargo traffic in Germany are used as a measure, it ranks first, second or third in Europe alongside London Heathrow airport and the second largest international Paris-Charles de Gaulle airport is the airport Munich, Germany followed by Düsseldorf airport.
There are several other scheduled passenger airports throughout Germany, mainly on metropolitan and European destinations leisure Intercontinental long-haul routes are operated to and from airports in Frankfurt, Munich, Düsseldorf, Berlin-Tegel, Cologne Bonn, Hamburg Stuttgart.
Berlin Brandenburg Airport will become the third largest German airport by passengers annually once it opens, serving single airport for Berlin Originally planned for completion in 2011, the new airport has been delayed several times due to management poor construction and technical difficulties 11 in September 2014, it is still unknown when the new airport is operational 12.
Transport in Germany, transportation, germany, central location in Europe, light railway standards.