The rise and fall of the Japanese Empire 日本 帝國 的 興衰
How Japan and Germany becoming world powers after the Second World War.
Germany and Japan rose from the ashes of World War II to become world economic powers in a few decades but how they managed this remarkable feat so fast, and what is the legacy of these parallel economic miracles today.
The two nations were in ruins A significant proportion of the Japanese population was wiped out during World War II, approximately 210,000 people in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki alone.
Germany also lost millions of soldiers and civilians, hundreds of thousands killed in the territories occupied bombing the British and American Eastern Europe German cities like Dresden, conducted with conventional explosives and incendiary, caused a firestorm that killed up to 25,000 people and destroyed the historic city center.
A quarter of the national wealth of Japan evaporated during the war in 1945, Germany was under the control of the Allied Powers Europe in the USA, the USSR, Britain and France to Japan was occupied by the United States after his formal surrender.
Japan has become the world's second largest economy after the United States in 1968, has seen average growth of 9 percent per year between 1955 and 1973.
The German economic miracle faster accelerated Wirtschaftswunder, the transformation of West Germany in the second largest economy in the world in the 1950s unlike Germany, sculpted by four victorious Allies, Japan would make its recovery then occupied by a single power, Professor Tag Murphy recounts in a recent book, Japan and the shackles of the past.
The United States took the responsibility for the security of Japan, allowing the focus on the economic recovery.
What effect the Cold War on economic policy.
In 1949, a divided Germany into two countries, the occupied areas from the three Western powers that merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany FRG, while the Soviets created the German Democratic Republic GDR.
The Federal Republic of Germany has received 1 3 billion reconstruction aid to the U S -financed Marshall Plan, but the leader of the USSR, Joseph Stalin, refused US money for the GDR.
The London Debt Agreement of 1953 saw 60 percent of German loans and written off repairs.
The establishment of a West German economy built along the lines of capitalist by Conservative Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his finance minister, Ludwig Erhard saw the prosperous rapidly between 1946 and 1975, with annual growth at about 7 percent, although it has experienced a recession as during those years, unemployment fell from 11 percent in 1950 to 0 7 percent in 1965.
US occupation in Japan lasted until 1952, during which time attempts were made to dismantle the Japanese conglomerates known as Zaibatsu.
The war of 1950-1953 Korea was a boom time for Japanese companies, whose technological prowess and manufacturing was in high demand by U. Forces
At the same time, rising wages in Japan have created consumer demand for home appliances and other products.
In Japan and Germany, economic recovery has been driven by companies with high employee loyalty earned by the promise of higher wages and jobs for life, as well as innovative products that have been exported around the world.
They were pre-war conglomerates such as Mitsubishi or Sumitomo, small prewar firms like carmaker Toyota or new companies now representing brands such as giant Sony consumer electronics and the automotive manufacturer Honda Japanese companies were very similar institutions rigid hierarchical to a family or religious institution, according to experts.
Close coordination by the powerful Ministry of Industry has helped to stimulate economic growth.
In Germany, companies including Volkswagen, Siemens and Thyssen, operating in the automotive, electronics and engineering, all were regarded as pillars of growth after the war.
Japan fell behind China in terms of annual GDP in 2010 to third place in today's world.
Upon taking office in late 2012, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has launched a blitz of policy on spending that also called for economic reform and recovery massive central banks.
The slow death of the culture of lifetime employment and greater reliance means a part-time or casual workers in Japan are almost all costs of the limited flexibility of the labor market.
Germany has the fourth largest economy in the world, and reforms over the past decade have helped create jobs and driven unemployment to one of the lowest among developed countries rate, currently at about 6 percent other member countries of the European Union is the largest market for German exports.
The economic miracle that Japan experienced after the Second World War was more the miracle of protected markets that the miracle of Japanese ingenuity and hard work over two Asian wars who cultivated Japanese industry Mostly it was about to American indulgence.
America immediately wanted to encourage economic growth therefore, high employment and increasing wages in countries that have lost World War II article correctly cites the Marshall Plan and large debt write-off for Germany West and quote you properly market allocation protected for Japan, a long-term measure recital lasted for decades, even though the reduction ever.
In some areas, it is still present, see for example the automotive market.
Besides the tariff barrier to the former, there are other ways to discourage imports, for example a mixture of low wages and buy energy tax incentives for national products and imported products, recently, devaluation currency.
I suppose that Japan is now trying to reorganize the market protectionism acting mainly on the currency and fiscal policy Regarding the latter, you can see Abe followed the opposite strategy wrt what should have been done instead of reducing the increase taxes where wages buy electricity, he raised them No surprise the inflation target is missed permanently.
There is a documentary called The Princess of the yen, it tells the story of the economic growth of Japan after the end of the war, I recommend it for everyone to watch.
How Japan and Germany becoming world powers after the Second World War The Japan Times, Japan, Germany, become.