04b Berlin Alexanderplatz 1980 14 .G ab e f g gk it sp sb bp
listen VERONA Verona Italian pronunciation; Venetian Verona is a city on the river Adige in Veneto in Italy with about 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven provincial capitals in the region is the second largest municipality of the city in the area and the third in the Northeast Italy region metropolitan Verona covers an area of 1426 km 2 550 58 sq mi and has a population of 714.274 inhabitants 1 is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy, because of its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows, operas like the opera season the Arena the ancient amphitheater built by the Romans.
Three Shakespeare plays are set in Verona Romeo and Juliet, The Two Gentlemen of Verona and The Taming of the Shrew is not known whether Shakespeare ever visited Verona or Italy at all, but his plays have attracted many visitors to Verona and many cities time around the city has been awarded UNESCO World Heritage Site status because of its urban structure and architecture.
The etymology of the name of Verona is unknown, it can be derived from Vera, perhaps the name of a person Etruscan; or it could be of Gallic origin; it may be the name of a Roman family or worm come from Latin, meaning spring But according to legend, the legendary founder of the city, the Gallic chief Brenno, called the new inhabited center Vae Roma, who cursed Rome, then to over the centuries became Verona 2.
One theory that considers the geographical position of the city, Verona is a key step for those of eastern Gaul across the Alps to Rome along the Via Claudia Augusta Vérone is short for Versus Romae which means in the direction of Rome because people say that Italian All roads lead to Rome suffix -ona, found in many Gallic names, is a simple deformation due to incorrect auditory perception that leads a person to hear the sound of a language foreign as a common sound in their own language, so speak incorrectly and wrote the wrong citation needed.
The exclamation Vae Romae if understood in Latin means Alas Rome In fact, to express distress or denounce a shame the ancient Romans used the Latin interjection vae So you also explain the famous poem by William Shakespeare There is no world without Verona walls, but purgatory hell torture himself Hence- is banned banning of the world and the exile of the world is dead writer express a concept through its Roman character named Romeo, a name that invokes Rome, according which the city of Verona was a border between Roman and barbarian a Verona was a thoroughfare and place horses, for those who wanted to go had walked the Via Claudia Augusta, the Roman road leading to the Alps, or led to Rome so the expression Vae Romae Rome Alas indicate the spirit of the place, the city of genius places, the expression of a spirit so called Verona exclamation Vae Romae is the expression the spirit that permeated the Romans who left the place with a feeling of anxiety, that phrase later became the name of the place, which is unfortunately Roma, which is then converted into Verona.
Another theory is that it is connected to the Vera River Adige River was the name before the adoption of the current name citation needed As in many similar cases in Europe the name of the city is formed with the addition -ona a suffix that means regulation.
The city was sometimes known archaically Welsch-Bern German.
The precise details of Verona's ancient history remain a mystery One theory is that it was a city of Euganei, who were forced to give the Cenomani 550 BC With the conquest of the Po Valley on the Veronese territory became Roman about 300 BC Verona became a Roman colonia in 89 BC, then a municipality in 49 BC when its citizens have been attributed to the Roman tribe Poblilia or Publicia.
The city became important because it was at the intersection of several roads Stilicho defeated Alaric and his Visigoths here in 403 But after Verona was conquered by the Goths in 489, the Gothic domination of Italy began Théodoric le Grand said he built a palace there, he remained under the power of the Goths all through the Gothic war 535,552, except for a single day in 541, when Artabazes Byzantine officers have made an entry defections that took place between Byzantine general with regard to the booty enabled the Goths to regain possession of the city in 552 valerian vainly tried to enter the city, but it was only when they were completely overthrown the Goths went there.
In 569, it was taken by Alboin the Lombard king in whose kingdom was, in a sense, the second largest city There Alboin himself was killed by his wife in 572 Dukes of Treviso, he stayed often in Verona Adalgise son of Desiderius in 774 made his last desperate resistance to Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom Verona was then the ordinary residence of the kings of Italy, the government of the city becoming hereditary in the family of comte Milo progenitor of the counts San Bonifacio 880 to 951 both Berengarii resided Otto I ceded to Verona the marquisate dependent on the Duchy of Bavaria.
When Ezzelino III da Romano was elected Podesta, in 1226, he was able to transform the office into a permanent lordship, and in 1257 he caused the slaughter of 11,000 Paduan on the plain of Verona Campi di Verona At his death, Grand Council elected podestà Mastino I della Scala, and he converted the Signoria in possession of the family, leaving the burghers a share in the government if not re-elected podesta in 1262, he carried out a coup d ' state, and was acclaimed Capitano del Popolo, with the command of the communal troops was not without long internal discord that he succeeded in establishing this new office, which was attached the function of confirming the podestà by the faction of the nobles in 1277 , Mastino dello Scala was killed.
The reign of his son Alberto as Capitano 1277 1302 was an incessant war against the counts of San Bonifacio, who were aided by the House of Este of his son, Bartolomeo, Alboino and Cangrande I last shared the government in 1308; he was great as warrior, prince and patron of the arts; he protected Dante and Petrarch Giotto war or treaty he has under his control the cities of Padua 1328, Treviso and Vicenza in 1308 At that time, before the Black Death of the city is home to more than 40,000 people 3.
Cangrande was succeeded by Mastino II 1329 1351 and Alberto, son of Alboino Mastino continued his uncle's policy, conquering Brescia in 1332 and carrying his power beyond the Po, he bought Parma in 1335 and Lucca in 1339 after the king of France, he was the richest prince of his time, but a powerful league was formed against him in 1337 Florence Venice Visconti Este and Gonzaga After a three-year war, the Scaliger dominions were reduced to Verona and Vicenza Mastino daughter Regina-Beatrice della Scala married to Barnabò Visconti Mastino's son Cangrande II 1351 1359 was a cruel tyrant, dissolute, and suspicious; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with mercenaries Brandenburg He was killed by his brother Cansignorio 1359 1375, which beautifies the city with its palaces, provided with aqueducts and bridges, and founded the treasure of State He also killed his other brother, Paolo Alboino fratricide seems to have become a family custom, for Antonio 1375 87 Cansignorio natural brother, slew his brother Bartolomeo, thereby arousing the indignation of the people, who abandoned him when Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan made war on him having exhausted all his resources, he fled from Verona at midnight October 19, 1387, thus ending the Scaliger domination, which, however, survived in its monuments.
The year 1387 was also the year of the famous Battle of Castagnaro between Giovanni Ordelaffi for Verona, and John Hawkwood for Padua who was the winner.
The son of Antonio Canfrancesco unsuccessfully attempted to recover Verona in 1390 Guglielmo 1404, natural son of Cangrande II, was more fortunate; with the support of the people, he led the Milanese, but he died ten days after, and Verona then submitted to Venice in 1405 The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona to using popular uprisings.
From 1508 to 1517, the city was in the power of Emperor Maximilian I. There were numerous outbreaks of the plague and in 1629 33 Italy has been hit by the worst epidemic in modern times around 33,000 people died Verona over 60 percent of the population both in 1630 1631 4.
In 1776 was developed a method of bellringing called Veronese bellringing art of Verona was occupied by Napoleon in 1797, but on Easter Monday the population has increased and led the French It was then that Napoleon made an end of Republic of Venise Vérone became Austrian territory Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 Austrians took control of the city January 18, 1798 It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and is part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the United Lombardy-Venetia held Austrian in 1866, after the war of the Six weeks, Verona and the rest of Venetia, became part of Italy.
The advent of fascism added another dark chapter to the annals of Verona As throughout Italy, the Jewish population was affected by the Manifesto of the race a series of anti-Semitic laws passed in 1938, and after the invasion by Nazi Germany in 1943, deportations to Nazi concentration camps Austrian Fort now a church, the Sanctuary of the Madonna di Lourdes, has been used to imprison and torture Jews allied troops and antifascists especially after 1943, Verona is part of the Italian social Republic.
As the Austrian times, Verona has become of great strategic importance for son-law regime Galeazzo Ciano Benito Mussolini, was accused of plotting against the republic; in a show trial staged by the Nazi and fascist hierarchy in Castelvecchio trial of Verona, Ciano was executed on the banks of the Adige with many other officers on what is now Via Colombo This marked a turning point in the escalation of violence which will only end with the final liberation by Allied troops and partisans in 1945.
After World War II, Italy's entry into NATO Verona again gained strategic importance due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain The town became the seat of Setaf Forces Southern Europe Allied Land and had during the entire cold war period of a strong military presence, especially American, which is down in recent years, Verona is an important and dynamic city, very active in terms of economy, and also a major tourist attraction because of its history, where Roman past lives side by side with the medieval Verona, which in some sense brings its architectural and artistic motifs.
Verona has a humid subtropical climate characteristic of the interior plains of northern Italy, with hot summers and cold, wet winters, although the Lake Garda has a partial influence on the city 5 The relative humidity is high throughout the year, especially in winter when it's fog mainly from dusk until late morning, although the phenomenon has become less frequent in recent years.
Climate data for Verona 1971 2000, 1946 presents extreme.
In 2009, there were 265.368 people residing in Verona, located in the province of Verona, Veneto 47 of which 6 were men and 52 4 were children female minors aged 0 to 17 totaled 16 May of the population compared to pensioners the number 22 36 This comparison with the Italian average of June 18 minors and 19 retired 94 the average age of the residents of Verona is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42 during the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Verona rose 3 05 while Italy as a whole increased 3 85 9 the current birth rate of Verona is September 24 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of September 45 births.
In 2009 the updating 87 of the Italian population was 10 largest immigrant group comes from other European countries the largest from Romania 3 60, South Asia February 03, and sub-Saharan Africa 1 50. The City is predominantly Catholic, but because of the Roman immigration now has some Orthodox and Muslim disciples Christians.
Because of the value and importance of its many historical buildings, Verona has been named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Verona has preserved many ancient Roman monuments, no longer used in the early Middle Ages, but much part of that and much of his early medieval buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged by the earthquake of January 3, 1117 that led to a massive Romanesque rebuilding period Carolingian Versus Verona contains an important description of Verona in early medieval era.
The Roman military settlement in what is now the center of the city was extended through megrim and decumani that intersect at right angles This structure has been preserved to this day and is clearly visible from the air Continuation development has not redesigned the original map that the Roman city with its basalt paved roads is mostly hidden from view, there is virtually untouched apart about 6 m below the surface most of the palazzi and houses have cellars built on Roman artifacts that are rarely accessible to visitors Piazza delle Erbe the forum Romanum was rebuilt by Cangrande I and Cansignorio della Scala I lords of Verona, using material such as blocks of marble and baths statues Roman and villas.
Verona is famous for its Roman amphitheater Arena in the largest city square, Piazza Bra Completed around 30 AD, it is the third in Italy after Rome's Colosseum and the arena at Capua It measures 139 meters long and 110 meters wide and could seat some 25,000 spectators in its 44 marble steps the Ludi shows and gladiatorial games made in its walls were so famous that they attracted spectators from far beyond the city facade two current stages is in fact the internal support for levels; only a fragment of the original outer perimeter wall in white and pink limestone from Valpolicella with three floors interior is very impressive and is virtually intact, and remained in use even today for public events, fairs, theater and opera full aired during the hot summer nights.
There are also a variety of other Roman monuments to be found in the city, including the Roman Theater in Verona This theater was built in the 1st century BC, but throughout the ages had fallen into disuse and was built to provide a housing in the 18th century Andrea Monga, a wealthy Veronese, bought all the houses in time were built on the theater, demolished them, and saved the monument Not far away is the stone bridge Ponte di Pietra, another monument Roman who survived that day.
The Gavi Arch Gavi Arch was built in the 1st century AD, and is famous for having the name of the architect Lucius Vitruve Cordone manufacturer engraved, a rare case in the architecture of the time he was riding behind the main Roman road in the city, now the Corso Cavour It was demolished by French troops in 1805 and rebuilt in 1932.
Is near the Porta Borsari an archway at the end of Corso Porta Borsari This is the front door of a 3rd century Roman walls in the original registration is dated 245 AD and gives the name of the city as Colonia Verona Augusta Corso Porta Borsari, the road through the door is the via Sacra of the Roman city of origin Today, it is lined with several Renaissance palaces and the ancient church of Santi Apostoli, a few meters Piazza delle Erbe.
Porta Leoni is the 1st century BC ruin of what was once part of the door of the Roman city An important part is still standing as part of the wall of a medieval building The street itself is an archaeological site opened and the remains of the Roman street and gateway foundations of origin may see a few feet below the current street level As can be seen from there, the door has a small yard guarded by towers here, cars and travelers were inspected before entering or leaving the city.
The Basilica of San Zeno Maggiore is the Romanesque church, the third such structure on its site, built from 1123 1135, the 4th century shrine to the patron saint of St. Vérone Zeno died 380 The facade overlooks the large place, and is flanked by a beautiful high bell tower of 72 meters which is mentioned by Dante in the 18th purgatory singing in the Divine Comedy the weathered pierre Veronese gives a warm, golden glow and the restrained lines of the pillars, columns and cornices and the gallery with its double windows give the façade a harmonious elegance air the huge rose window is decorated as a wheel of Fortune lintels above the portal have carvings of the months of the year, each side of the door is decorated with 18 bas-relief panels depicting biblical scenes and indoor bronze door panels have 48 primitive representations, but forcefully biblical scenes and episodes from St Zen of life o the meaning of some scenes is now unknown, but the extraordinarily vivid energy figures is a superb blend of traditional and Ottonian influences The interior of the church is divided into the lower church, occupying about the structure, and the upper church, occupying the rest of the walls are covered with frescoes of the 12th and 14th century and the ceiling of the nave is a magnificent example of the ceiling of the keel of a ship the vaulted crypt contains the tomb of St Zeno the first Bishop Verona and the tombs of several other saints North of the church is a pleasant cloister the church also houses the tomb of King Pippin of Italy 777,810.
The Basilica of San Lorenzo is another Romanesque church, albeit smaller than it dates from 1177 but it was built on the site of an early Christian church, fragments of which remain the church is built of alternating tracks of brick and stone, and has two cylindrical towers, housing spiral staircases to the women inside galleries is simple, but always calm striped bands of stone and brick and the graceful arches complement the setting.
Santa Maria Antica is a large Romanesque church that served the parish church Scaliger clan, and is famous for the gothic Scaliger Tombs The cathedral is a remarkable Romanesque church.
Sant Anastasia is a huge and high church built from 1 290 1481 by the Dominicans to hold congregations attracted by their sermons massive The Pellegrini chapel the famous fresco St George and the Princess of Trebizond by Pisanello and the grave of Wilhelm von Bibra An art festival is held on the square can each.
With a span length of 48 m 70 159 78 feet, segmental arch bridge Ponte Scaligero featured at the time of its completion in 1356, the largest arch bridge in the world.
Verona was the place of birth of Catullus, and the town that Jules César chose for a relaxing stay He had an association with many people and events that were important in the history of Europe as Theodoric great king of the Ostrogoths Alboin and Rosamund Lombard Dukes, Charlemagne and Pippin of Italy Berengarius I and Dante conclaves were held here, such as major conferences Verona featured in Goethe's travel journals and Stendhal Paul Valéry Michel de Montaigne.
Central Nimes German cars, German average by Italian report, Corso Porta Borsari, Piazza delle Erbe.