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Zipcar is one of the largest car-sharing networks in the world, with more than 767,000 members in December 2012.
Carsharing or car sharing US or car clubs in the UK is a car model where people rent cars for short periods, often at the time they are attractive to customers who are only occasional use a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use day to day the car rental organization can be a business or users can be organized in as a company public agency, cooperative or ad hoc group.
Car sharing services are available in over a thousand cities in many countries 1.
In December 2012 Last day there was about 1 7 million car-sharing members in 27 countries, including the so-called peer-to-peer services, according to the Center for Research Sustainable Transportation at UC Berkeley Among -ci 800 000 were carsharing members in the United States 2 November 2014 update largest carsharing network in North America and Europe are the world Zipcar with 767,000 members and 11,000 vehicles, 3 and Car2Go with over 900,000 members and 12,000 cars 4.
According to Navigant global services revenue carsharing will approach 1 billion in 2013 and reach US 6 2 billion by 2020, with over 12 million members worldwide The main factors of carsharing growth are the increasing levels of congestion faced by city residents; changing attitudes, generations of ownership of the car; the increase cost of ownership of personal vehicles; and a convergence of business models 6 May Ride contributes to sustainable transportation because it is a less intensive means of urban transport cars, and according to the Economist carsharing may reduce the ownership of the car at an estimated rate of car hire replacement of 15 vehicles belonging to 7.
In the UK, where it is a recent development, the long-term car clubs is used for what the United States is called car sharing, car sharing or car-sharing 8 in the UK, car sharing refers to something called car sharing or carpooling to the United States, namely the shared use of a car for a specific journey, especially for commuting to work, often by people who each have a car but travel together to reduce costs; 9 in South Africa, this is called lifting the UK system, car pool refers to a fleet of cars made available by an organization to its employees, which is generally considered a Fleet States STATES, for example to get to customers or between different offices.
In India, unlike the vast majority of the market of the Indian car that is defined by the chauffeured services, the Indians refer to car sharing as self-drive 10.
The principle of car sharing is that individuals acquire the benefits of passenger cars without the costs and responsibilities of ownership 11 instead of a household has access to a fleet of vehicles on a Ride basis can be considered short-term car organized Rental necessary 11.
Ride was born in different parts are held worldwide and operations in several different ways in different places sizes of organizations vary a shared car, and only a handful of sharers to organizations that serve a complete urban area.
Carsharing differs from traditional car rental follows.
Reservation, pickup and return is all self-service.
Vehicles can be rented by the minute, the hour and the day.
The users are members and have been pre-approved to conduct background checks driving were performed and a payment mechanism has been set up.
The locations of vehicles are distributed throughout the service area, and often located for access by public transport.
Insurance Insurance State minimum liability as 5000 in some states, comprehensive coverage and collision They do not provide uninsured, underinsured or insurance protection against injury.
The vehicles are not kept clean, fed after each use, although some programs such as clean constantly Car2Go and power their fleet.
Some CSOs carsharing operations cooperate with local car rental companies, especially in situations where traditional leasing may be the cheaper option.
Ride can provide many transportation, land use, environment and benefits 12 neighborhood carsharing is often presented as an alternative to car ownership where walking to public transport and cycling can be used to most of the time a car is only necessary for OUT- city trips, move large items, or special occasions it can also be an alternative to owning multiple cars for households with more than one pilot a long-term study City CarShare members found that 30 percent of households who joined sold a car; others have delayed buying a public transport use, cycling and walking also increased among members 13 A study of driving behavior of members of the major car sharing organizations found an average decrease of 27 km annual vehicle traveled VKT 14.
Ride is generally not profitable for travel to work full time on a regular basis Most CarSharing defenders, operators and cooperation of government agencies believe that those who do not drive every day, or who work less than 10,000 km about 6,200 miles of laws every year can find carsharing be more profitable than the ownership of the car 15 But variations on this figure 50 are reported by operators and other necessary depending on local context quotation If occasional use a shared vehicle costs much less than the ownership of the car and used car carsharing more accessible to low-income households.
Carsharing can also help to reduce congestion and pollution of private automobiles Replacing with the municipalities directly reduces the demand for parking spaces The fact that only a certain number of cars can be used at any time can reduce traffic congestion in hours even more important point for congestion, the high cost measurement provides a financial incentive to drive less to cars belonging to many expenditures are sunk costs and therefore regardless of how the car is driven as the purchase of originally, insurance, registration and maintenance 16.
The successful development of car sharing has tended to be mainly associated with densely populated areas such as city centers and, more recently, the university and other campuses There are programs for the most in Europe to provide low-density services and quote the rural areas necessary for low density areas are considered more difficult to serve with carsharing due to lack of transportation alternatives and potentially more remote users must travel to reach cars.
People who joined carsharing tend to sell either their primary, secondary or another car off hands after using the service This reduces the cost of transportation per month averaged 135,435, based on the University of research Berkeley in 2008 17.
CSO technology varies enormously from simple manual systems using key boxes and logs into the computer systems of more complex example partially automated and fully automated systems with software support which manage an increasing number of functions back office 18 the simplest CSOs have only one or two points of pick-up, but more advanced systems allow vehicles picked up and deposited at any public parking space in a designated area of operation.
Although they differ significantly in their objectives, size, business models, levels of ambition, technology and target markets, these programs share many characteristics operations generally require more established control of records past conduct and a monthly or annual fee to join The time and maximum cost car can be used also varies.
To make a reservation, one can either book online, by phone or by text messages depending on the flexibility of the company then the company generally requires all necessary information such as.
There is a greater chance of the earlier availability of reservation If a reservation is canceled, however, can still be charged.
Once reservations are made and confirmed the car will be delivered at the time and in the appropriate place there will be a small card reader mounted on the windshield Once the customer places his membership card on the reader it will use what is called the blink technology to enable time and unlock the car drive will not work until it is time for this specific reservation keys can be found somewhere within the car, like the company as a glove box, the customer can be provided with a key to a lock box containing the key itself once the customer is settled, they are out of their next destination 19.
Although members are often responsible for cleaning the car and fill the tank when low, the car-sharing company is generally responsible for maintaining long-term member vehicles should ensure that when they are finished, the car is ready for the user side to move out of 20.
The first reference to carsharing in print identifies the Selbstfahrergenossenschaft car sharing program in a housing cooperative that began in Zurich in 1948, 21 22 but there was no known formal concept development in the coming years years 1960, as innovators, industry, cities, and authorities have studied the possibility of high-tech transport for mainly small computer vehicle systems almost all on different guide rails it was possible to identify some early precursors to the ideas of current service update and control technologies.
In the early 1970s saw the first car sharing entire system Projects ProcoTip system in France lasted only two years, a much more ambitious project called Witkar was launched in Amsterdam by the founders of white bicycle project in 1965 A sophisticated project based on small electric vehicles, electronic controls for bookings and return, and plans for a large number of stations covering the whole city, the project endured in the mid 1980s before finally being abandoned.
In July 1977, the first official British experience carsharing began in Suffolk An office in Ipswich provided a service Share-a-Car to put motorists who are interested to share car journeys in contact with each other 23 in 1978, the agricultural research Council awarded the University of Leeds 16577 for investigation and simulation of car sharing 24 the system was not designed for the different conductors of a single car, but for a driver offering of the seats in his car for now in real time.
The 1980s and the first half of the 1990s have been coming to the age period for carsharing, with slow growth continues, primarily smaller systems nonprofit, many in Switzerland and Germany, but also to smaller scale in Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States 25.
Zipcar Flexcar bought by Zipcar in 2007, and the City Car Club all started in 2000 Several car rental companies launched their own car-sharing services from 2008, including Avis on site by Avis Hertz demand formerly known as the Connect by Hertz 26, operating in the United States and Europe; Share uhaul car belonging to U-Haul and WeCar by Enterprise Rent-A-Car 27 In 2010, when different systems of car-sharing peer-to-peer were introduced in September 2012 Update 3 Zipcar has accounted for 80 of the market for car sharing 28 US 27 and half of the moderator in the world with 730,000 members sharing 29 11,000 vehicles.
Ride is also extended to the world Brazil, China development, India Mexico and Turkey because the population density is often a determining factor of success for carsharing, and developing countries often have urban populations dense 30.
Many developers now include stock cars in their developments as adding value to tenants and municipal government agencies around the world begin to anticipate the implementation of a car-sharing service in new buildings, as an initiative sustainability These trends have created a demand for a new model of carsharing - residential private car-share access, which are generally underwritten by citing the association of owners required.
Adapting carsharing vehicles for people with physical disabilities presents special challenges not experienced the traditional car rental with CAR SHARING no mechanic is present to install or adjust the adaptive equipment, and that equipment is unattended after use in 2008, the city carShare introduced the first wheelchair carrying vehicle car sharing, mobile access specifically designed as a vehicle of shared fleet, not separated from non-wheelchair users.
Car sharing operators are opting more and more branded parts of their fleets with third-party advertising to increase revenue and improve the competitiveness of transport media in common as off home advertising medium is called, is a strategy currently or soon to be used by major operators such carsharing, AutoShare Canada and City Car club in the UK.
For future applications, many carsharing companies are now investing in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV plug-in With the use of these types of vehicles, the cost of gas consumption can be significantly reduced Since most customers do not need the vehicle for long periods of time or distance, it gives time to the car sharing company to collect and recharge these vehicles for further use This application can significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve the environment the city another innovation is to calculate and offset all emissions in the name of your drivers under the Kyoto protocol, for example via certified reforestation systems neutral first car sharing service in the world carbon is the car sharing Respiro Madrid 31.
In addition, car sharing can be considered an example of technological evolution of consumption, which is a process of mutual adjustment between innovation and its socio-economic environment This type of innovation poses many potential due to the current state of technological change based on today's transport capacity of 32 passengers.
Other countries are already moving in the concept car design that relies solely as an urban public vehicle Phiaro P70t The Conch, new concept of Japanese vehicle is a vehicle, three places completely powered by a battery that was designed in order to share the car the vehicle was designed to be small and compact enough to be carried around urban environments without sacrificing 33 parking promoting these kinds of concept vehicles have attracted the attention of automakers worldwide .
In Germany, a pilot project was launched by Infineon semiconductor manufacturer to replace regular pool vehicle with a business car sharing system 34 carsharing company is a cheaper solution as company cars in the administration, travel and operating and maintenance costs.
The amount of insurance provided varies considerably between companies, but all the CarSharing companies provide insurance that meets at least the minimum legal requirements for the operating citation given region need However, critics such as Rob Lieber of the New York Times criticized companies such as Zipcar for coverage CarSharing paltry 35 drivers.
German carmakers market share, German companies market.