Day 14 EuroThrash Germany to Italy Part 5
Bolzano ɒ b l t s n ɑː oʊ; Italian pronunciation boltsaːno listen boldzaːno information or assistance; German German Bozen pronun boˑtsn̩ cia tion; Ladin Balsan or Bulsan; Latin Bauzanum is the capital of the South Tyrol province in the north of Italy with a population of 105713 2013, Bolzano is by far the largest city in South Tyrol.
Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in English, German and Italian city is also home to the Italian Army Alpini High Command COMALP and some of its units combat and support 1.
In the 2014 version of the annual ranking of the quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was ranked as having the first quality of life in Italy 2.
And other cities of the South Tyrolean Alps, Bolzano engaged in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alps therefore, Bolzano received Alpine Town of 2009.
The modern day Bolzano was in ancient times a marshy region inhabited by the people Rhétie Isarci, traditionally believed to be descendants of refugees from Etruscan Italy's invasion Gauls 3 The Romans built a settlement after the area had been conquered in 15 BC by General Nero Claudius Drusus military regulations, Drusi Pons Drusus Bridge, was named after the Roman general Meanwhile, the region is part of the region Venetia and Histria X Regio of ancient Italy.
In 1948, the excavations of the present cathedral led to the discovery of an ancient Christian basilica from the 4th century also discovered a Roman cemetery, including the grave of Secundus Regontius Latin inscriptions dating from the 3rd century, making him the oldest known inhabitant of Bolzano 4.
During the gradual decline of the Roman influence in the 7th century, the Bavarian immigration took place and the first mention of a Bavarian rule dates Bolzano 679 5 At that time, the Bavarians named the villages around Bolzano Bauzanum or Bauzana 6 German populations were present in the Tyrol region since.
In 1027 the region of Bolzano and the rest of the diocese was conferred by the Emperor Conrad II the Salian dynasty on the bishops of Trent At the end of the 12th century, the bishop founded a town along the way Lauben the city became therefore an important trading post on the Transalpine Augsburg -Venice road on the Brenner Pass 1,371 meters elevation 4,498 feet above sea level, in the Holy Roman Empire 7.
In 1277 Bolzano was conquered by Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, leading to a fight between the counts of Tyrol and the bishops of Trent in 1363, the Tyrol county fell under the influence of Hapsburg Austria and the Holy -Empire Roman in 1381, Duke Leopold granted the Bolzano citizens the privilege of a municipal council That gradually eliminated the influence and power previously held by the bishops of Trent in the coming decades in 1462, the bishops finally resigned all their rights of jurisdiction over the city 8.
The 14th and 15th centuries before, a big fair market has been organized four times a year to greet traders and road merchants Brenner Pass Mercantile magistrate was therefore founded in 1635 by Claudia Austrian duchess of Medicis each season market, two Italian and two German officers who were appointed from the local merchants, worked in the office of magistrate the establishment of an official trade organization strengthened Bolzano as a cultural crossroads in the Alps 9.
After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Bolzano briefly became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and was incorporated into the Dipartimento Alto Adige 10 after the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 Bolzano back in the Tyrol county in the Austrian Empire and then the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1866 the county covered both modern-South Tyrol and the federal state of Tyrol, including East Tyrol in Austria.
In 1915, the Triple Entente powers promised Italy territorial gains if it enters the First World War the Entente side instead of taking the side of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary when Italy abandoned Triple Alliance 1882 Agreement gave its territorial promises Tyrol and Istria This secret agreement was confirmed in the Treaty of London in 1915.
After Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary May 24, 1915, heavy fighting took place along the southern border for the duration of the conflict Tyrol For the next three and a half south of border Tyrol has become the front line between the Austro Hungarian and Italian troops Tyrol's southern border was - and still is - dotted with dozens of defensive fortresses that were built for a possible Italian attack citation needed two losses sides amounts to several thousand during the First World war, tens of thousands of civilians living along the south Tyrolean border were evacuated to one of the two countries, the majority in the Austrian regions of Bohemia and interior, and some Italian internment camps away from the front line November 3, 1918, the armistice of Villa Giusti, near Padua ended military operations between the Itali e Subsequently, the Italian Tyrol troops entered and occupied the Austrian regions south of the Brenner Pass Italian control of South Tyrol was internationally recog nized in 1919. At the time of the annexation of Bolzano by the Kingdom of Italy, the city was settled mainly by German-speaking population in 1910, 29,000 people identified themselves as German speakers and only 1 300 as Italian speakers, these mainly from the Italian-speaking areas of Tyrol, namely Welschtirol, now known as 11 Trentino name.
With the rest of South Tyrol, Bolzano was subjected to intensive Italianisation program imposed by the fascist leader Benito Mussolini from the years 1920 to 8 September 1943, when Italy left the military alliance with Germany Nazi and South Tyrol fell under German control directly the objective of this program was to outnumber the local German population by tripling the population of Bolzano by the Italian immigration other regions of Italy 11 in 1927 Bolzano became the capital of the province of Bolzano Any reference and use of words Tyrol and Tyrol were banned by law and were punishable offenses in 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in the Weimar Republic Mussolini and the fascists feared that Hitler, in pursuit of its ideology of all ethnic Germans under a Reich would claim South Tyrol in Italy to avoid such perspectiv e in 1939 Mussolini and Hitler signed the option agreement by which Germany would renounce territorial claims in the South Tyrol such as Germany's Lebensraum more living space, ethnic South Tyroleans who had opted to stay in South Tyrol and refused resettlement of the Third Reich were subjected to full scale Italianisation, including the loss of their German names and national identity, the prohibition of teaching in German and using German for their daily transactions 12.
During World War II was the Nazi Bolzano Transit Camp site Bolzano concentration camp for persecuted Jews and political prisoners When Italy surrendered in September 1943, the whole of South Tyrol and Belluno were de facto administered by the Nazis as the Pre-Alps area operations After 1943, heavy fighting against Nazi Germany and the Axis powers was held in the Dolomites 13.
After the war, the independence movements have gained popularity among the German population Tyrol in Bolzano and South Tyrol in the 1960s a series of terrorist attacks and killings were perpetrated by the South Tyrolean Liberation Committee German secessionist movement against the Italian police and electrical structures a notable incident being the fire Night June 12, 1961, after the UN intervened to enforce the beginning of bilateral negotiations between Italy and Austria after 11 years of mediation and negotiation the two countries reached an agreement that would guarantee self-government to the newly created autonomous province of South Tyrol.
In 1996, the EU approved the cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol and Trentino Welschtirol recognizing the creation of the province of Tyrol Euro-South Tyrol-Trentino .
The city thrives on a mix of old and intensive farming of high quality including fruit wine and dairy products, wood of traditional tourism crafts, ceramics and advanced services machines heavy industry, automotive and steel installed in the 1930s has now been largely dismantled citation needed the local economy is very dependent on the public sector and in particular the quote from the provincial government needed.
Bolzano is the largest city in South Tyrol, which is an autonomous province in northern Italy with a special law This law preserves the rights of the German-speaking minority in Italy This unique system was admired by the Dalai Lama who visited the city several times to study a possible application in Tibet 16 It was also presented as a model for effective and equitable resolution of ethnic conflicts in other regions of the world 17.
Being located several climatic boundaries, Bolzano has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers CFA and very cold winters According Trewartha classification, climate can not really be considered a subtropical climate, for less than 8 months at least 10 C 50 F, and would therefore be considered a semi-continental climate with hot summers some of its suburbs are designated an oceanic climate Cfb according cooler summer temperatures, while the mountains in the area may have a Dfb continental climate climate of Bolzano is influenced by its low altitude in a valley south of the main Alpine This causes conditions very sheltered from cold winds during the day, making the year a lot warmer than in the cities of like the valley north of the beach.
Climate data for Bolzano 1971 2000, 1946 presents extreme.
Its medieval city center, Romanesque and Gothic churches and bilingual signage give it the flavor of a city at the crossroads of Italian and Austrian cultures This and its natural and cultural attractions make it a popular tourist destination.
Walther square with a statue of Walther von der Vogelweide German minstrel minstrel.
Laubengasse or the Via dei Portici street 300 meters 980 feet long, in the city center with medieval carcades along its course, now housing countless high-street shops.
The Tyrol Museum of Archeology that the mummy of Ötzi.
Museion Museum of modern and contemporary art Bolzano.
The Gothic cathedral, begun in 1184, enlarged in the 14th century by architects Martin and Peter Schiche and completed in the early 16th century by Hans Lutz von Schussenried.
The old parish church of Gries with an altarpiece by Michael Pacher.
The Benedictine monastery of Muri-Gries with baroque paintings of Martin Knoller.
13th century Chiesa dei Domenicani Dominikanerkirche, with a series of Gothic paintings of the 14th century.
Various castles, including the castle Maretsch Runkelstein Castle and Castle Firmian Sigmundskron.
Victory Monument triumphal arch built by order of Benito Mussolini in 1928, the site of a permanent exhibition on regional history in the context of two dictatorships of Italian fascism and German Nazism 21.
For historical and geographical information see South Tyrol.
Centro-Piani-Rencio German Zentrum-Bozner Boden-Rentsch.
The city is also connected to the Italian railway network Bolzano Station opened in 1859, is part of the railway Verona Innsbruck Brenner, part of the main railway line between Italy and Germany The resort is also a connecting two branch lines, Merano and Mals.
There is a network of 31 mid 50 kilometers of bicycle paths, and about 30 percent of travel in Bolzano are cycling 23.
Until the summer of 2015 there was a regular connection between the airport IATA BZO Bolzano and Rome.
Since 1966, a cable connects the center of Bolzano Renon Soprabolzano and community In 2009, the Italian manufacturer Leitner replaced the old cable with a modern new 3S system Although the so-called Rittner Seilbahn primarily serves the tourist market, it also provides an important transit link for citizens of 24 Renon cable car system, which can carry up to 726 people per hour, is the first tricable gondola in Italy 25.
The city hosts an annual running competition BOclassic road which has one of the elite men and women 10K 5K races The event, first held in 1975, takes place on New Year's Eve New Year and is broadcast live on TV by Rai Sport Piu 26 27.
Bolzano is also the host city of the annual cycling event Giro delle Dolomiti road.
The unità di supporto del Comando Truppe Alpine Archive December 25th, 2007 at the Wayback Machine Italian.
Qualità della vita 2014 Il Sole 24 Ore Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Karl Maria Mayr 1949 Der Grabstein of Regontius aus der Pfarrkirche Der Schlern Bozen 23, pp 302-303.
As reported by Paul Deacon in his Historia Langobardorum V36, ed Georg Waitz, MGH Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum, Hanover, 1878, pp 35 is Baioariorum quem illi gravionem dicunt.
Richard Heuberger 1930 Natio Noricorum and Pregnariorum Veröffentlichungen the Ferdinandeum Museum in Innsbruck No. 10, p 7.
Hannes Obermair 2007 Bastard Urbanism past Forms of towns in the Alpine region of Tyrol, Trentino Concilium medii aevi 10, pp 53-76, esp pp 64-66.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Coolidge, William 1911 Botzen Chisholm, Hugh Encyclopædia Britannica 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press 311 p.
Ferdinand Troyer 1648 Bozner Chronik Cronica der statt Botzen Bozen.
Antony E Alcock 1970 The history of South Tyrol Question Michael Joseph London, p 9.
Claudio Corradetti 2013 transitional justice and the idea of patriotism autonomy in South Tyrol A world without stati è a world without war Politisch motivierte Gewalt im Kontext regionalen ed by Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair and Günther Rautz EURAC book 60, Bolzano, ISBN 978-88 -88906-82-9 pp 17 32, esp p.21.
Juliane Wetzel 1994 Das Polizeidurchgangslager Bozen Die vergessenen Lager ed by Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel Dachauer Hefte, 5, Munich.
A b Volkszählung 2011 Censimento della popolazione 2011 astat Institute of the provincial statistics of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol 38 6 7 June 2012 Retrieved 2012-06-14.
Oscar Benvenuto 2007 South Tyrol in Figures 2008, Institute of provincial statistics of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano Bozen South Tyrol, p 16, Table 10.
Dalai Lama erhielt Südtiroler Minderheitenpreis STOL Retrieved January 15, 2014 German.
Antony Alcock The County autonomy of South Tyrol Londonderry, Bolzano, May 2001, p 22 Filed August 21, 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Bolzano BZ PDF Atlante climatico Servizio Meteorologico Retrieved May 19, 2015.
STAZIONE 020 Bolzano medie mensili periodo 61-90 Servizio Meteorologico Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Bolzano Register mensili dal 1946 Italian Servizio Meteorologico dell Aeronautica Militare Retrieved May 19, 2015.
BZ 18 45 A monument, town, two dictatorships.
Standing dead link Autostrada del Brennero SpA Brennerautobahn AG Retrieved June 19, 2009.
Bolzano Bolzano città della BICICLETTA as the city of a cyclist.
Sampaolo Diego 2010-01-01 Three-peat for Self Bolzano IAAF Retrieved 20 May 2010.
Sampaolo Diego 2008-12-31 Soi and Kibet to list two Boclassic IAAF Retrieved 20 May 2010.
Bolzano City Hall official website in Italian and German.
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3 0 unless otherwise specified.
Bolzano German car, German, Bolzano, South autonomous province, autonomous province of South Tyrol.