How VAT is applied across the EU's internal borders - utalk
This article focuses on recent trends, focusing on the total intra-EU trade in goods and the most traded products It presents statistics for the entire EU-28 and for Member States to period covering 2002-2013, although the actual EU membership has changed over this period.
Statistics on international trade in goods between the EU EU Member States - in particular the size and evolution of imports and exports - to enable national and European authorities to evaluate the growth of the single market and integration EU savings These statistics also provide EU companies with essential information for their commercial and marketing policies.
Figure 1 Evolution of intra-EU exports of goods 28 January 2002 - November 2016 Source Eurostat billion ext_st_eu28sitc.
Figure 2 Exports of goods to other Member States, 2015 Source billion Comext Eurostat Table DS-057 009.
Table 1 Merchandise exports to other Member States, in 2003, 2009 and 2015 billion Source Comext Eurostat Table DS-057 009.
Figure 3 Top-3 partners in each Member State in intra-EU exports of goods in 2015 share of total intra-EU exports of goods Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
Figure 4 Intra-EU trade in goods balance by Member State, 2015 Source billion Eurostat DS-018 995.
Table 2 Trade in goods balance with the other Member States, in 2003, 2009, 2015 and trend billion Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
5 Intra-EU exports of goods to the extra-EU exports of goods by Member State, 2015 Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
Table 3 Ratio of intra-EU exports of goods in intra-Community imports of goods 2006-2015 Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
Table 4 Ratio of extra-EU exports of goods to non-EU goods imports 2006-2015 Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
Table 5 Ratio of total exports of goods in total merchandise imports 2006-2015 Source Eurostat DS-018 995.
Table 6 Ratio of intra-EU exports of goods to non-EU goods exports in 2003, 2009 and 2015 Source: Eurostat DS-018 995.
Figure 6 Intra-EU 28 exports of goods by product type, 2003, 2009 and 2015 1 Share of total exports of goods Source Eurostat ext_lt_intratrd.
Table 7 Member States merchandise exports by product type, 2003, 2009 and 2015 the share of total exports of goods Source Eurostat ext_lt_intratrd.
Figure 1 shows the seasonally adjusted monthly total merchandise exports for the EU-28 Member States to other Member States in 2002 and 2003 908000000000 EUR 1 1 927000000000 EUR level of merchandise exports was relatively stable, followed by a period of rapid growth between 2004 and the third quarter of 2008 to the fourth quarter of 2008 to the end of the second quarter of 2009, there was a sharp decline in the value of exports of goods After this fall the value of exports of goods began to rise again until early 2011, when he returned to the level before declining in late 2008 from 2011 levels is relatively stable and the annual value for 2015 is more than 3 063 000 000 000 EUR.
Since the introduction of Intrastat data collection system for intra-EU goods trade 1 January 1993, the value of intra-EU exports of products has always been greater than that of intra-EU imports of goods in theory, as intra-EU exports of goods are declared FOB value of type and intra-EU imports of products CIF value-type, product value of intra-EU imports is expected to be slightly higher than intra-EU exports of goods the analysis presented in this article considers intra-EU exports of goods only because it is the most reliable measure of total intra-EU trade in goods since, at the aggregate level, total intra-EU exports of goods have better coverage than total intra-EU imports of goods.
There is a wide variation in the value of export merchandise trade by Member State with its partners in the EU, as can be seen in Figure 2 In 2015, the value of export goods trade within the EU varies by more than 500 billion euros for Germany to other EU Member States to less than 1 billion euros for Cyprus.
There were nine member states Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the UK which exports products to EU partners were more than 100 billion euros in 2015, representing nearly 80 of the total value of intra-EU exports of goods.
Table 1 shows that 12 Member States, the value of exports of goods to the EU-28 partners increased by more than 100 between 2003 and 2015 and five where growth was between 50 and 100 in eleven growth countries was less than 50 growth rate of over 200 Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia have all been recorded in countries that joined the EU in 2004 or later .
Figure 3 shows that most Member States have two or three partners in the European Union representing the majority of more than 50 of their intra-EU exports These partners are often big countries but also countries often geographical proximity to the only countries that are not in Germany as one of their 3-partners were Estonia and Cyprus, where it is ranked 5th and 6th the second most mentioned shared respectively partners were France and the United Kingdom both of which appeared 10 times plus 3 partners Twenty-six countries had at least one neighboring EU among their top-three partners exceptions are Malta and Romania for which respective neighbors Italy and Hungary were the fourth partner.
It can be difficult to interpret the figures in absolute terms for the individual Member States, in particular their trade balances of assets should be interpreted with caution to the phenomenon of quasi-transit.
Figure 4 shows that as the size of the export trade flows of goods, there was also a wide variation between Member States in the balance of these two streams Sixteen Member States have a negative trade balance of goods - to ie they import more goods with the value of EU partners to export to other Member States there were two large and small economies within the EU with the negative trade balance of goods in 2015 the largest negative intra-EU trade balances of assets have been registered in the UK and France EUR -119 000 000 000 EUR - 84 billion twelve Member States with positive intra-EU trade balances of assets in 2013, the largest was for the Netherlands to more than 176 billion euros.
Table 2 shows merchandise trade balance for 2003, 2009 and 2015 During this period, most Member States have continued to be net importers of products, such as France and the United Kingdom or net exporters eg Germany and the Czech Republic, however the magnitude of the positive balance or negative has changed for many Member States, such as France continues to be a net importer of goods from other Member States, but the negative balance of goods increased from 16 billion to 84 billion euros at the same time, Germany continues to be a net exporter of goods but the surplus has decreased from 79 billion euros less of 72 billion euros between 2003 and 2015, some Member States have become net importers of products, such as Finland, the trade balance of goods transported from EUR 2 7 billion e n 2003 to -8 0000000000 EUR in 2015. By cons, there are other Member States which, during the same period has changed from net food importers to net exporters of products for e xample Poland, whose trade deficit -3 0 billion euros in 2003 changed to a surplus 18 EUR 4 billion in 2015.
Intra-EU trade in goods balance and its evolution over time provide details of the impact of trade in goods on the economy, however, it is difficult to compare the net trade balance of goods between states members because of differences in the value of trade in different Member States is another way to compare the value of imports against exports is to consider the ratio of merchandise exports goods imports for this ratio these countries with a value less than 100 are net importers of products, while those worth more than 100 are net exporters table 3 presents this statistic by member States for trade with other members of the European Union for the years 2006 to 2015 .
As mentioned earlier, France has one of the largest trade in negative absolute EU in the balance of goods, but the measure used in Table 3 France was ranked 22 similar to other Member States with negative trade balances much less absolute, such as Portugal and Latvia at the other end of Germany, which has the second largest trade surplus ranks 8th in table 3 Similar to countries such as Hungary and Slovakia that have trade surpluses more low in absolute terms.
We can also consider the business relationship of the various Member States with non-EU partners to add more context to the interpretation of intra-EU trade balances goods Table 4 shows the ratio of goods exports merchandise imports by Member State for trade with non-EU trade partners for the years 2006-2015.
From this table, it is clear that some Member States are net importers of products both in their dealings with European Union partners and business partners outside the EU, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia Cyprus, Portugal and the UK have values below 100 in both tables 3 and 4.
It is also interesting to compare the ratios for the Netherlands in Tables 3 and 4, the former showing in recent years, exports to EU partners nearly approaching twice the value of its imports, while celui- this shows the value of exports to non-EU partners is about half the value of imports of these two figures are affected by quasi-transit, the Netherlands is a common entry point for future products in EU table 5 presents a better balance between imports Netherlands and merchandise exports to both the EU -28 Member States and third countries combined.
Finally when considering trade between a country and its trading partners must also take into account the impact of trade in services to get a more complete picture See for example the recent article on trade in services.
The intra-EU goods relative to extra-EU trade in goods.
Traditionally, Member States as a whole have exchanged more goods with other Member States and countries outside the EU, but as mentioned above, there have been changes in recent years.
Figure 5 shows that, in 2015, with the exception of Malta and the UK, the largest proportion of total Member State merchandise trade was with partners in the EU-28 As can seen in table 6 there is a relatively large variation between Member States in this proportion, ranging in 2015 from almost 86 in total exports of goods to other Member States of Slovakia within 44 years of total exports of goods UK between 2003 and 2015, the proportion of trade with the EU-28 partners increased from 69-63 Four Member States recorded a decrease in the proportion of over 10 per percentage point of the largest declines UK down nearly 15 pages and Greece down nearly 13 pages in eleven Member States, the proportion increased from 5 to 10 percent and twelve, it dropped to less than 5 pp Only in Bulgaria ago had a lege re 0 4 pp increase in the proportion of trade with the EU-28 partners.
In the domestic market of international trade in goods is mainly in manufactured products their share in 2015 was 80 the total trade of intra-EU exports of goods such machinery and vehicles accounted for 36 of total merchandise exports see Figure 6, while other manufactured products have accounted for nearly 27 and 16 chemicals for primary products account for 19 of the total export of goods; composed of food and drink 10, energy products and raw materials June 3.
Given the predominance of trade in manufactured goods at EU level for all Member States, the majority of goods exported to other Member States in 2015 were manufactured goods, however, there is a big difference in the proportion manufactured goods in total exports of goods, 91 of all merchandise exports from Slovakia to only 44 for Greece.
Table 7 shows that in 2015, the two largest economies, such as Germany and Italy and small economies, such as Luxembourg and Slovenia have a proportion of manufactured exports than the average of the EU itself, there are also more example UK and Spain and smaller economies, such as Malta and Cyprus which have a proportion lower than the European average, the structure of intra-EU exports of goods slightly changed in recent years between 2003 and 2015, the share of primary products increased from 14 to 17 while the respective share of manufactures declined.
Individually, 25 of the 28 Member States have seen a decline between 2003 and 2015 in the proportion of their merchandise exports in the category of manufactured products The largest decreases were in Malta and Greece have each lost 20 percentage points of p -13 Finland and Portugal - 11 pp where the only other countries with a decrease of more than 10 for six Member States, the decline was between 5 and 10 percent for the majority of countries, changes were less than 5.
3 pp Denmark, Ireland and Slovakia each 1 percent were the three countries where the proportion increased slightly but ventilation Next level reveals more variation In Denmark, gain 3 is mainly due to chemicals and products related to growth of 7 percent while the other two groups of manufactured goods classified mainly by good equipment and machinery and transport equipment each lost 1 pp Irish exports were up 14 percent in chemicals and related products while machinery and transport equipment decreased by 14 per Slovakia saw an increase of 12 percent in machinery and transport equipment any product manufactured mainly classified by material fell 7 p.
COMEXT is the Eurostat reference database for international trade in goods It provides access not only to both recent and historical data from Member States but also to statistics of a significant number of non-EU countries trade International aggregated and detailed statistics disseminated from Eurostat website are compiled from COMEXT data according to a monthly process is updated COMEXT Because on a daily basis, data published on the website may differ from data stored in Comext in case of recent revisions.
Information on intra-EU trade is collected by the Member States using the various media available to information providers may be paper or electronic declarations under national declarations are addressed directly to the competent national authorities.
European statistics on international trade of goods are established according to the concepts and definitions of the EU and can therefore differ from the national data published by Member States.
Single or internal market is a market where goods, services, capital and EU people can freely principle The free movement of goods requires that national barriers to the free movement of goods within the EU are removed from Articles 34 to 36 of the Treaty of the functioning of the European Union prohibit quantitative restrictions on imports, exports or transit and all similar restrictive measures between Member States all measures likely to hinder directly or indirectly the imports are considered more quantitative restrictions because the 28 European Union Member States share a single market and a single external border, they also have a single trade policy Both in the World trade Organization, where international trade rules agreed and implemented, and with business partners indivi duels, Member States speak and negotiate collectively.
The importance of the EU's internal market is underlined by the fact that the share of intra-EU trade of goods was higher than extra-EU trade in goods in most Member States with few exceptions the change in proportion of total trade in goods accounted for by intra-EU trade reflects to some degree historical ties and geographical location.
International trade in goods - long-term indicators t_ext_go_lti international trade in goods - short-term indicators t_ext_go_sti.
International trade in goods - aggregated data ext_go_agg international trade of goods - retail detailed data.
The database tables, graphs and MS Excel charts.
The intra-EU goods - recent trends Excel.
Regulation EC No 638 2004 of 31 March 2004 on Community statistics relating to trade in goods between Member States and repealing Regulation EEC No 3330 91.
Commission Regulation EC No 1982 2004 of 18 November 2004 implementing Council Regulation EC No 638 2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Community statistics relating to trade in goods between Member States and repealing EC regulations No 1901 2000 and EEC No 3590 92.
IntraEU merchandise trade recent trends Statistics Explained, trade, property, recent trends.