Мікс - Assembly Line
An assembly line is a method mostly called a progressive assembly wherein the parts of generally interchangeable parts are added as semi-finished assemblies moves from a work station where the parts are added to the order until the final assembly is carried out by mechanically moving the parts to the assembly work and move the entire semi-finish of the work station to work station, a finished product can be assembled more quickly and with less labor than workers wear by having parts to a fixed part for assembly.
Assembly lines are common methods of assembly of complex items such as automobiles and other transportation equipment, household appliances and electronic products.
Assembly lines are designed for the sequential organization of tools or working machines, and parts The movement of workers is reduced to the extent possible, all the parts or assemblies are treated either by conveyors or motorized vehicles such as forklifts or trucks without serious heavy lifting is done by manual machines such as cranes or forklifts Every worker usually performs a simple operation.
1 place tools and men in the sequence of operation so that each component has to travel the shortest possible distance while in the process of finishing two working slides Use or other support so that when worker completes its operation, it drops the part always in the same place Where should always be the most convenient place of his hand and, if possible, have the gravity bring the room to another worker for his 3 Use the sliding assembly lines by which the parts to be assembled are delivered to practical distances 1.
Consider the set of a car assume that certain stages in the assembly line are to install the engine, installing the hood, and install the wheel in this order, with arbitrary interstitial steps; one of these steps can be done in both the traditional production, only one car would be assembled at a time If the engine installation takes 20 minutes and cover installation takes five minutes, and the wheels of the installation takes 10 minutes and can be produced a car every 35 minutes.
In an assembly line, the automobile assembly is divided between several stations, operating simultaneously When a station is completed with a car, it transmits to the other having three stations, a total of three cars can be operated simultaneously, each at a different stage of its assembly.
After completing his work on the first car, the crew of the motor system can start working on the second car As the crew of the engine installation works on the second car, the first car can be moved the cover station and equipped with a cover, and then to the position wheel and be equipped with wheels After the engine was installed on the second carriage, the second carriage moves to the cover assembly at the same time, third drive moves the motor assembly when the third car engine has been assembled, it can then be moved to the cap station; Meanwhile, the following cars if necessary can be moved to the installation station of the engine.
Assuming no loss of time when moving a car from one station to another, the longest step on the assembly line determines the rate of 20 minutes for the installation of the engine, a car can be produced all 20 minutes once the first car take 35 minutes produced.
Before the industrial revolution most manufactured products were made individually by hand a craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product they would use their skills and tools such as files and knives to create individual pieces They would then assemble the final product, which limits and try changes in the parts until they can work together and could craft production.
The division of labor was practiced in China, where the operating state of the metal mass products monopolies agricultural tools, porcelain, armor and weapons centuries before its appearance in Europe on the eve of the Industrial Revolution 2 Adam Smith discussed the division of labor in the manufacture of pins at length in his book the wealth of Nations published in 1776.
The Venetian Arsenal about 1104, operated similarly to a production line Ships moved down a canal and were equipped with different stores where they went to the top of its efficacy in the early 16th century, 'Venice Arsenale employed some 16,000 people who could apparently produce nearly one ship every day, and could develop, equip, and supply of a newly built kitchen with standard parts on an assembly line basis While the Arsenal Venice lasted until the beginning of the industrial revolution of the production line methods have not become common even then.
The industrial revolution led to a proliferation of production and invention Many industries, including textiles clocks and watches firearms 3 locomotives rail horse-drawn vehicles sewing machines and bicycles have seen a rapid improvement in the handling of materials, machining and assembly during the 19th century, although modern concepts such as industrial engineering and logistics has not yet been appointed.
The pulley block was the first to become fully automated manufacturing Portsmouth Mills block in the early 19th century.
Automatic flour mill built by Oliver Evans in 1785 was called the beginning of handling modern bulk Roe 1916 Evans Mill used a belt bucket elevator leather, canvas conveyor belt conveyor screws and other mechanical devices to completely automate the manufacturing process of innovation flour spread to other factories and breweries April 5.
Probably the oldest industrial example of a linear and continuous assembly process is Portsmouth Mills block built between 1801 and 1803 Marc Isambard father Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel, with the help of Henry Maudslay and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make parts for wedge blocks used by the Royal Navy this plant was so successful that it remained in service until the 1960s, with the still visible workshop at HM Dockyard in Portsmouth and still containing part of the original machine.
One of the first examples of an almost modern factory layout, designed for easy handling, was the Bridgewater Foundry Factory reasons were bordered by the Bridgewater Canal and the railway from Liverpool and Manchester the buildings were arranged in line with a railway for the transport work through the cranes buildings were used to lift the heavy work, sometimes weighed in tens of tons work has passed successively to the erection of the frame and the final assembly 6.
The Bridgewater Foundry represented in 1839, one of the first plants to use a workflow of almost modern layout, and materials handling system.
The first flow assembly line was launched at the factory Richard Garrett Sons Works Leiston Leiston in the English county of Suffolk for the manufacture of portable steam engines to the assembly line area was called The Long Shop because of its length and was fully operational by early 1853 the boiler was raised from the smelter and to the beginning of the line, and as it grew in the building, he would stop at different stages where new parts are added to from the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be reduced on a balcony, and then set the machine to the ground when the machine has reached the end of the workshop, it would be finished 7 .
In the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as metal-cutting lathe and planer milling machine and control the tool path with jigs and accessories provided that the conditions precedent to the line modern assembly by interchangeable parts a practical reality.
The late 19th century steam and electric conveyors Change.
Motorized conveyor lifts steam began to be used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century Hounshell 8 1984 1885 c shows a sketch of an electric motorized conveyor boxes moving through a line filling a canning plant.
The meat industry in Chicago is considered one of the first industrial assembly lines or disassembly lines to be used in the US in 1867 workers would be held in fixed positions and a pulley system would bring meat every worker and they would complete a task Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of the practice of slaughtering on further developments of Ford Motor Company.
Ford assembly line, assembly line 1913 was the first magneto September 10th.
1913 Experimenting with mounting the body on the model T Ford chassis tested various assembly methods to optimize procedures before permanently installing the equipment the actual assembly line used a crane to mount the body.
According Domm, the implementation of mass production of an automobile by an assembly line can be credited to Ransom Olds who used to build the first mass-produced car, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash 11 patented Olds the concept of assembly line, it has to work in his factory Olds Motor Company vehicles in 1901 12.
At Ford Motor Company the concept of assembly line seems to have been introduced by William Pa Klann on his return from visiting the slaughterhouse Swift Company in Chicago and viewing what has been called the disassembly line, where carcasses have been slain by moving along a conveyor the effectiveness of a person removing the same room several times without moving caught his attention, he brought the idea of Peter E Martin soon head the Production Ford, who was doubtful at the time, but encouraged him to pursue other Ford claimed to have put the idea comes to Henry Ford, Pa Klann but the revelation of the slaughterhouse is well documented in the archives to Henry Ford Museum and 13 elsewhere, making it a significant contributor to the concept of modern automated assembly line Ford enjoyed after visiting the highly automated 40 acres handling facility for Sears mail around 1906 At Ford, the process was an evolution by trial and error 10 consisti ng of a team mainly of Peter E Martin the plant manager; assistant of Charles E Martin Sorensen; Clarence W Avery; C Harold Wills draftsman and toolmaker; Charles Ebender; and József Galamb Part of the foundations of this development was recently asked by the smart layout placement of the machine tool that Walter Flanders had to Ford until 1908.
The assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operating October 7, 1913, in Highland Park Ford Plant 14 and has continued to evolve after using time and motion study 10 line assembly, driven conveyor belts reduces production time for a model T only 93 minutes 11 by dividing the process into 45 steps of 15 cars as fast as painting produce the day could dry, there was an immense influence on the world.
In 1922, Ford by his ghostwriter Crowther said of his assembly line in 1913.
I think it was the first ever mobile line installed The idea came generally trolley in mind that the Chicago packers use in dressing beef 16.
Charles E Sorensen in his memory in 1956 My forty years with Ford introduced another version of development that was not so much about individual inventors as a progressive development logic of industrial engineering.
What was developed Ford was the practice of moving work from one worker to another until it becomes a complete unit, then organize the flow of these units at the right time and the right place to final assembly line in motion from which came a finished product prior uses Regardless of some of these principles, the direct line of succession of mass production and its automation intensification direct result of what we have developed Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1913 Henry Ford is generally considered the mass father was not in production, he was the godfather of it 17.
Because of these developments in the method, Ford's cars came off the line at intervals of three minutes or six feet per minute 18 This was much faster than previous methods, increasing production by eight a need before May 12 hours, 1 hour 33 minutes, while using less manpower 3 It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck Only Japan black dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926 3.
The technique of the assembly line was integral to the spread of the automobile in American society a decrease in production costs has allowed the cost of the Model T down in the budget of the American middle class in 1908, the price a model T was about 825 and in 1912 it decreased to about 575 This price reduction is comparable to a reduction of 15 000 to 10 000 dollars of 2000 in 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months pay 3.
Ford complex security procedures especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam dramatically reduces injury rates The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called Fordism, and was copied by most major industries the efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the launch of the US assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while that other countries were using less productive methods.
In the automotive industry's success was dominating, and Ford Denmark 1923, Ford and Ford Germany 1925 Japan spread rapidly around the world Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911 ,; in 1919, Vulcan Southport, Lancashire was the first manufacturer of European origin to be adopted soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going bankrupt by not being able to compete; in 1930, 250 companies had gone 3.
The massive demand for military equipment in World War II prompted the technical assembly lines in thousands of production of shipbuilding and aircraft Liberty Ships were built using precast widely, allowing the assembly of ships to fill in weeks or even days after producing less than 3,000 aircraft for the military of the United States in 1939, the American aircraft manufacturers have built more than 300 000 aircraft in World war II Vultee pioneered the use of the line assembly supplied to aircraft manufacturing other companies soon followed as William S Knudsen has worked at Ford, GM and 10 national Defense advisory Commission observed, we won because we suppressed the enemy in a production of avalanche etc. . He had never seen or dreamed possible 19 20.
In his autobiography, 1922, 1 Henry Ford cites several advantages of the assembly line, including.
Productivity gains have allowed Ford to increase the wages of workers from 1 to 50 per day 5 00 Per day after employees have reached three years of service on the Ford assembly line continued to reduce the work week time while continuously reducing the price Model T These objectives appear altruistic; However, it was argued that they have been implemented by Ford to reduce high turnover of employees when the assembly line was introduced in 1913, it was discovered that whenever the company wanted to add 100 men to its factory staff had to hire 963 to counter the natural aversion of the assembly line seems to have inspired 21.
Sociological work explored the social alienation and boredom that many workers feel because of the repetition of doing the same specialized task all day 22.
One of the most famous critics of capitalism, Karl Marx expressed his Entfremdung theory the belief that to achieve job satisfaction workers must be in the objects they created, that the products should be mirrors in which workers see their essential character reflects Marx work regarded as a chance for us to outsource aspects of our personality Marxists argue that specialization makes it very difficult for any worker to feel that they can contribute to the real needs of humankind the repetitive nature specialized tasks because, they say, a sense of disconnect between what the worker does all day, who they really are and what they should ideally be able to contribute to society Marx also argued that jobs specialized are not safe because the worker is expendable once the costs incr tent and technology can replace more expensive human labor 23.
Since workers have to stand in one place for hours and repeat the same hundreds of movements once daily repetitive stress injuries are a possible pathology safety of industrial noise also proved dangerous when it was not too high , workers were often forbidden to speak Charles Piaget a skilled worker in the factory LIP recalled that besides being forbidden to speak, semi-skilled workers were only 25 centimeters to move industrial ergonomics 24 then tried to minimize physical trauma.
Assembly line, assembly line concept of assembly line, Ford Motor Company.